“Our results revealed that bullet shape and velocity determine the blood spatter patterns, because they dictate the velocity field in the blood body,” said Yarin. 5. Numb3rs 506: Magic Show. A. Interpretation of contact or transfer patterns When properly documented, bloodstain patterns found at the crime scene, or on a particular person's clothing, can be used to: 1. 2) High Velocity - Misty, diffuse spatter is created by external force greater than 100 feet per second — which usually means a gunshot, an explosion, or (seriously) a sneeze. Police also found blood spatter on a pink bathrobe that Sarah said was hers. be found in In a 1996 conviction in Texas, attorneys trying to free a man from prison argued that a blood-spatter expert was wrong when he concluded that a stain must have been caused by a gunshot to the chest. Blood dripping from a cut finger will form large, spherical drops as it hits the ground; that formation is about the PATTERN TYPE OF SPATTER SPATTER SPECIFICS SPATTER CAUSED FROM EXTRA NOTES Low Velocity Impact Spatter Passive Drips 90 Degree Circular Stain Person is Actively Bleeding or Has Enough of Someone Else’s Blood on Him/Her to Drip Blood drips can leave a trail indicating bleeder’s movement Post Impact Flow Pattern Not part of original spatter. The force of the bullet can overcome any surface tension, and because blood is denser than air—and is accelerated toward air—it breaks into smaller drops to form a cloud spraying out from the wound. The team needs to find out if the blood spatter is the result of a trauma or is just a part of a very well planned magic trick. The Bludgeon heads, available in both vertical (95425) and horizontal (95426) placement, are a high strength solid 3/4 cast of a human head. Next question (Image: aerjotl, stock. This hydrodynamic problem belongs to the class of the impact hydrodynamics with the pressure impulse generating the blood flow. In gunshot injuries to persons, bits of tissue or bone are often disbursed with the blood droplets in exit wounds, and in very high velocity injuries, may occasionally back spatter patterns. Over 500 video clips were made of blood spatter experiments that are typically performed by individuals attending a basic bloodstain pattern analysis course. The resulting atomized blood droplets travelled opposite to the bullet direction, generating a gunshot There was no doubt however that the Bloodstain pattern analysis played a massive part in the investigation both for and against the murder theory. is created when an object blocks the deposition of blood spatter onto a target surface or object. “Numerous experiments have been conducted by Blood Spatter Analyst: Career Guide Fans of Dexter, a television drama that revolves around a blood spatter analyst for the Miami Metro Police Department, may think that Dexter's job is the stuff of TV fiction; however, blood spatter is a very real field of forensic science. In 1983, he and other attendees of the first Advanced Bloodstain Institute founded the International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts (IABPA). For this purpose blood-spatter stains on the hands were examined on site in 5 suicides caused by gunshot. Bloodstain Evidence is Critical --Part 2 Blood spatter patterns on walls and ceiling can provide a wealth of information about both the events that occurred and about the attacker. 3) Hair Impact - A traumatic impact between head and surface tends to leave a stain with feathered edges, like someone sq uished a loaded paintbrush against the wall. 14 Many different blood spatter types were present: high-velocity impact spatter from the gunshot, arterial spurts resulting from the decapitation, and low-velocity drops and smears from being dragged. Gunshot backspatters are spatters where blood is atomized by a bullet, in a direction opposite to that of the bullet [2] . The predictions are compared to experimental data acquired in the present work. Here is what the blood spatter pattern would look like on a smooth surface. For example, an object such as a hammer or axe may cause medium-velocity spatter, while high-velocity spatter may be caused by a gunshot wound. • Blood has a fairly high surface Blood has a fairly high surface tension • Blood is very viscous Blood is very viscous • Blood tends to adhere to Blood tends to adhere to external surface • Blood that falls from body Blood that falls from body moves as an oscillating sphere. This document reveals information pertaining to the types of blood spatter which is a potential to be found at a crime scene which involved the spilling of blood. In this tutorial we will create realistic blood spry that comes from the initial gunshot, a The direction of a _____ may show movements of objects or bodies while the pattern was still forming or after the blood has dried. The defense in Phil Spector's murder trial on Monday called one of its most highly touted forensic experts, who told jurors that blood spatter from a gunshot wound can travel up to six feet. High-velocity impact blood spatter is created when the amount of force exceeds 100 feet/second and the resulting bloodstains are usually less than 1 mm (3/64”) and are normally associated with gunshot injuries. Go to your Sporcle Settings to finish the process. For example, if there are multiple shooting instances, it can be difficult to discern which blood spatter pattern belongs to which gunshot injury. Stuart James said blood spatter from a gunshot wound can travel as far as 6 feet. Also how the blood was deposited such as dripping blood, spilled blood or blood, which has been projected. Detectives also look at how dry the blood is. Blood Spatter. Blood Spatter Reading: How Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Works If you're flipping channels one day and come upon a crime scene as depicted on one of the many TV shows that focus on forensic science -- like "CSI" or "Dexter" -- you may have noticed something that seems pretty unusual. A straight string is drawn back from each bloodstain as far as possible, and where the strings converge is assumed to be the point of origin of the blood spatter pattern, and thus the victim. It is shown that the blunt bullet impact results in blood accelerating towards air opposite of the bullet motion creating a situation for the Rayleigh-Taylor instability which determines droplet home page antimony and barium ballistics blood spatter christie downs deputy roy pond deviant sociopath diane's early years doctor carl peterson gun search letters to james haynes murder weapon EXHIBIT 5 Blood Spatter Pattern Analysis Kimberley Kanuch-Brown Everest University Abstract Given that blood spatter analysis is an emergent field, with rapidly occurring developments have significant probative implications for the court system, this project will seek to examine the multi-faceted elements of blood spatter analysis to provide an overview Read "Unusual blood spatter patterns on the firearm and hand: A backspatter analysis to reconstruct the position and orientation of a firearm, Forensic Science International" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Gardner has qualified as an expert in bloodstain pattern analysis and crime scene reconstruction in both state and federal courts. To make blood splatters: Dip a small straw (such as the ones used as coffee stirrers) in whichever color paint you are using, then blow through the straw hard enough to ensure the paint does more than dribble out, while also not so much that all you get is a fine mist. Like several other disciplines of forensics based in pattern analysis, the study of blood spatter arose and matured largely outside of the scientific community, Bell says. A more in-depth way to predict gunshot wound blood spatter. The videos were made possible through a National Institute of Justice (NIJ) grant administered by the Midwest Forensic Resource Centre (MFRC) in Ames, Iowa. While blood spatter analysis can be extremely effective in determining the placement of perpetrators, victims, Generally, cast-off blood spatter is fine. Spatter from gunshot wounds is especially difficult to interpret. , scientist who lectures around the world and has written a book on bloodstain pattern analysis, showed jurors photographs from his book including one depicting blood spatter produced by a high-velocity mechanism such as a gunshot. Impact spatter due to blunt force result from a bloody object receiving a blow. With the help of blood spatter analysts, Robert's position at the time of the gunshot and the way in which Robert was shot was determined. Gunshot spatter - includes both forward spatter from the exit wound and back spatter from the entrance wound. General Bloodstain Features Bloodstain patterns deposited on floors, walls, bedding, and other relevant objects can provide valuable insights into events that occurred during the commission of a violent crime. In Adobe after effects motion graphics anything seems possible with a little patience and exploration. The bloodstain patterns were digitally imaged and analyzed using image analysis algorithms. A theoretical model describing the blood spatter pattern resulting from a blunt bullet gunshot is proposed. Bullet shape, velocity determine blood spatter patterns An enhanced bloodstain pattern analysis technique will help crime scene investigators more accurately reconstruct and determine the origins bloodstain pattern analysis: classification of bloodstain spatter by velocity There are three basic categories of stain groups based on the concept that the size of the bloodstain compared with the amount of force propelling that bloodstain. Gunshot spatter It includes both the forward and back spatters for the exit and entrance wounds respectively. ” The spatter patterns were realized with two test rigs, to vary the geometry and speed of the impact of a solid object on a blood source – a pool of blood. . It is well known that gunshot wounding can produce fine droplets of blood spattered in a forward direction. Cast off is a bloodstain Blood is a substance with characteristics you probably don't think about. Flying through the air: viscosity and velocity. MEDIUM-VELOCITY IMPACT SPATTER . Abstract. During a violent encounter, blood will stick to surfaces in patterns called blood spatter. Transfer - Swipe Pattern. Blood stains/spatter produced by a gunshot. Blood spatters are a subset of bloodstain patterns, with stains generated when an impacting object causes drops to go airborne , , before hitting the surface of a solid object called the target. Typically, forward spatter is a fine mist and back spatter is larger and fewer drops. 6. The patterns produced from gunshots are particularly difficult to interpret. To do this, Charlie performs an analysis of the spatter pattern using blood spatter trigonometry and the FBI team tests a blood sample to determine its origin. Spatter Patterns Spatter patterns can help the investigator determine the type of wound. Request PDF on ResearchGate | Blood-spatter patterns: Hands hold clues for the forensic reconstruction of the sequence of events | Biologic and nonbiologic traces on the hands are of particular High velocity blood spatter: High velocity blood spatter is usually caused by a gunshot, it can also be caused by other objects too if enough force is exerted. Bullet shape, velocity determine blood spatter patterns Date: August 6, 2019 Their model focuses on providing theoretical, predictive models of gunshot blood atomization (in particular, blood “Our results revealed that bullet shape and velocity determine the blood spatter patterns, because they dictate the velocity field in the blood body,” said Yarin. Unlike DNA analysis Gunshot Wounds: A summary form a pathology textbook In general, when a person is shot, the injury sustained will result in a temporary wound cavity that is produced due to cavitation, which occurs when a body moves so quickly in a liquid that the liquid detaches from the body surface. High Velocity Impact Spatter (HVIS) -- A bloodstain pattern caused by a high velocity impact /force to a blood source such as that produced by gunshot or high speed machinery. A pattern created by blood that is expelled from the mouth or nose from an internal injury is called an . Blood spatters are hydrodynamic signatures of violent crimes, often revealing when an event occurred and where the perpetrator and victim were located, and researchers have worked toward better understanding the fluid dynamics at play during gunshot spatters. ” Many, even most, gunshot wounds don't result in the kind of dramatic bloody spray we have come to expect from Hollywood. The force of the bullet can overcome any surface tension, and because blood is denser than air—and is accelerated toward air—it The goal of this study was to deduce the position and orientation of the hands, and therefore the firearm, according to the bloodstain patterns on the hands of the deceased. , we conducted a Accordingly Prediction of blood back spatter from a gunshot in bloodstain pattern analysis Abstract A theoretical model for predicting and interpreting blood-spatter patterns resulting from a gunshot wound is proposed. The correct term is spatter, not splatter. Spatter resulting from a combination of beating, gunshot, arterial spurting, expirated blood and secondary and satellite spatter occur and the range of spatter seen with each form of impact will overlap to some degree, so it's important to consider all possibilities when making an interpretation of any blood spatter pattern. In a situation where two shots are fired, the blood spatter from the second shot will be much heavier because the tissue surrounding the first wound would compress and cause the blood filling that first wound to “squirt” out its contents and the closer the location of the wounds to each other, the more dramatic the effect, resulting in heavier spatter from the second shot. Sherry Guiterrez does a good job at citing the principle physical properties affecting blood spatter patterns due to gunshot wounds. Confirm or refute the position of a victim, witness, suspect, or defendant 2. In most cases the first blow will not produce an impact stain (unless it is a gunshot), but subsequent blows will result in impact spatter (see graphic G). His conviction rested largely on “bloodstain-pattern analysis” — a technique still in use throughout the criminal-justice system Special Agent (Ret. Think about the pattern droplets of water would make from a faucet in a dry sink. February 26, 2007 The line of Blood Spatter Heads include the Gunshot Head w/base (95424), a thin cast hollow human head reproduction lined on the inside with blood packs that can be shot with any caliber gun to produce HVIS. Because’bloodbehaves’accordingtocertain’scientific’principles,’trained bloodstainpatternanalysts’canexamine’the’blood’evidence’left’behind’[and’ The characteristics of the blood spatter depends on the force applied to the blood source and the speed at which blood exits the body. “When this approach is incorporated into bloodstain pattern analysis in forensics in the future, hopefully it can help crack tough questions. The second part of the analysis focused on identifying what conditions a bloodstain pattern analyst can accurately assess whether a particular blood spatter pattern was generated by a blunt instrument impact or a gunshot. Therefore, aggregate statistics such as the total number of bloodstains can prove to be more useful and is chosen here to abide by this practice in the current work. The model includes features of the bullet – its mass, velocity, and angle – as well as the acceleration and density of the spattering blood. Howard conceded that the misting pattern of the blood indicated that the shooter was wearing the robe, as previous First, he pointed out, there is a blood spatter pattern radiating out 180 degrees from the bedroom closet where Lisa Jennings was found dead in the early hours of Christmas Day 2006. xchng) Similar patterns could be created by a cockroach or fly moving over drops of blood and then trailing it. In testing, a bloodstain pattern analyst might reconstruct a crime scene to determine the trajectory of a bullet and the bloodstain patterns the impact of the projectile would create. A fine mist spatter is produced by a high velocity impact, such as a gunshot wound. The spatter patterns were generated with a rifle or a handgun with varying ammunition. Types of Spatter; Gunshot Spatter can result in a mist-like . Evidence relating to blood spatter was key in Dr. spatter that indicates a gunshot. Home » Crime Library » Forensic Investigation » Blood Evidence: Blood Stain Pattern Analysis There are many different factors to consider when analyzing blood stain patterns . The first thing that an investigator wants to determine is what kind of pattern is being presented. Three-fourths of persons with a penetrating gunshot wound to the head die within 48 hours. The appointed attorneys for the prosecution found a bloodstain pattern analyst who testified that rather than a suicide - what the police believed was the case, due to a variety of reasons - it was a murder, because the pattern of small blood flecks on Horinek must have come from "high velocity" blood from a gunshot, rather than blood that got With no exit wound, only the back spatter pattern would be created. (Bruner et al, 2011) Blood loss depends upon the size of the wound, the number and size of blood vessels damaged, and total body blood volume. If Blood splatter, or bloodstain pattern constructional readings, is a technique that seeks to piece together the incident that caused an individual’s bleeding. A bloodstain pattern of a high velocity object to a blood source such as a gunshot or other machinery ; 6. Angle of impact: The above pattern shows that the angle of impact is smaller when the blood is dripped from a certain angle. The type of surface the blood strikes affects the amount of the resulting spatter, including the size and appearance of the blood drops. A data set of bloodstain patterns for teaching and research in bloodstain pattern analysis: Gunshot backspatters. Spatter Pattern. The force of the blood hitting a surface for high velocity blood spatter is over 100 feet per second. Not all gunshots will result in misting. In Principles of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: Theory and Practice, Stuart James, Paul Kish, and Paulette Sutton have used the categories of Passive, Spatter, and Altered. In Bloodstain Pattern Evidence: Objective Approaches and Case Applications, Anita Wonder provides a flow-diagram to assist in classifying bloodstain patterns where the main Table of Contents Differentiating High Velocity Blood Spatter Patterns, Expirated Bloodstains blood pattern remained relatively unchanged over the course of 14 Many different blood spatter types were present: high-velocity impact spatter from the gunshot, arterial spurts resulting from the decapitation, and low-velocity drops and smears from being dragged. surface that free falling blood strikes affects the. To address those questions, Yarin and his colleagues built a theoretical model to predict the pattern made by blood spraying outward from a gunshot wound as it splashes on the floor. 14 So, a crime scene may have a combination of blood spatter like that in Figure 1. When an object with blood on it touches one that does not have blood on it, this produces a . The outer edges of droplets tend to dry first and a completely dry droplet may leave a dark ring. void . They were in complete disagreement over whether the blood was an impact pattern from a gunshot, or a transfer pattern from contact. 167-9, the authors note that small bloodstains produced as a result of coughing blood or expirating blood may mimic those produced by back spatter from a gunshot wound. The physical process generating a backward spatter of blood is linked to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability of blood accelerated toward the surrounding air, allowing the determination of the initial distribution of drop sizes and velocities. A beating with a pipe will produce blood cast off with a lower-velocity pattern. Checking all aspects of a crime scene is a crucial part of investigating a crime. ) Gardner, who is a consultant in crime scene analysis, bloodstain pattern analysis, and crime scene investigation also has numerous professional affiliations. Transfer - Wipe Pattern. Since 2016 these researchers have developed fluid dynamical theories for gunshot back spatter and forward spatter, where blood drops travel respectively against and with the direction of the bullet and display different characteristics. [31] Focused ultrasound from outside the body can safely and reversibly open the blood–brain A theoretical model describing the blood back spatter pattern resulting from a blunt bullet gunshot is proposed and compared to experimental data. Gunshot spatter will vary depending on the caliber of the gun, where the victim is struck, whether the bullet exits the body, distance between the victim and the gun and location of the victim relative to walls, floors and objects. Since initially writing this paper, I found a larger, expanded essay of Sherry Guiterrez’s on the JFK Lancer website. Flow Pattern Gunshot exit wounds commonly produce medium-velocity spatter, while explosions produce high−velocity Spatter. One study applies an image-processing method that divides Abstract A theoretical model for predicting and interpreting blood-spatter patterns resulting from a gunshot wound is proposed. Blood spatters due to a gunshot are caused by blood ejected from a wound either in the direction of the bullet motion, termed forward spatter, or in the direction opposite to the bullet motion, called The goal of this study was to deduce the position and orientation of the hands, and therefore the firearm, according to the bloodstain patterns on the hands of the deceased. More Bloodstain Spatter Patterns• Gunshot Spatter: A shooting may leave adisctinct gunshot spatter pattern. The testimony is critical to the defense claim that Spector was too far from the actress to have shot her but close Physical Properties of Blood. Angle of elevation: From the blood splatter patterns made, it shows that blood splatters are longer and narrower when blood is dripped from a certain angle. In fact, sometimes it is a real challenge to identify where or how many times a victim has been shot. Spattered Blood; In general, for higher impacts, the pattern is more spread out and the individual stains are smaller. This type of stain must first have blood on its surface to create this kind of pattern from subsequent spatter. Stuart James said blood spatter from a gunshot wound can travel as far as 6 feet… James, a Fort Lauderdale, Fla. According to the supporter's other statements, Travis was bleeding severely enough from the gunshot wound to result in two large blood pools, spatter on the low door frame, spatter on the East wall, spatter on and in the sink, blood pouring down his shoulders (picture 162), spatter down the hall, the large blood pool into the carpet, and spatter back up the hall. Low impact beating High impact gunshot. This causes the pattern of the blood to be similar to a fine spray. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Bibliography Revision 2 Updated January 18, 2018 Page 3 of 56 Preface This bibliography historically began as the Bibliography Project generated by the Scientific Working Group on Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (SWGSTAIN) Research Subcommittee. Furthermore, MacDonell advises on the directionality of various blood stain patterns. The basic principles governing blood spatter pattern analysis are undisputed and as follows. If the victim is close enough to avertical surface when suffering agunshot wound, the blood willbe expelled both forward andbackward. Comiskey PM, Yarin AL, Attinger D. Study 67 Forensics Final: Blood Spatter Anaylisis with an explosive force such as a gunshot. Our analysis of 72 unique bloodstain patterns, comprising more than 490,000 individual droplet stains, indicates that the mean drop size in a gunshot spatter pattern is at most 30% smaller than the mean drop stain size in blunt instrument patterns. Experienced bloodstain pattern analysts become experts on determining the difference between blood spatter from a gunshot, knifing or bludgeoning crime. Paul Erwin Kish Forensic Consultant and Associates, is an independent forensic consulting business that provides consulting, technical review, and educational services to forensic science laboratories, law enforcement, and legal communities in crime scene reconstruction and bloodstain pattern analysis. As shows like "CSI" have made crime investigation popular, more people have entered the field, with glaring differences in expertise. Fresh blood behaves much like another liquid you’re familiar with: water. Theoretical and experimental investigation of forward spatter of blood from a gunshot. Blood spatter can occur on a variety of surfaces, such as carpet, wood, tile, wallpaper, clothing, etc. means for differentiating spatter patterns generated by gunshot or blunt instrument impact. There is no way to reliably determine if the spots on Horinek’s shirt were the result of a gunshot or MacDonell also trained law-enforcement personnel in blood spatter analysis and developed courses to continue to train analysts. 20. Robert Neulander's trial for the murder of his wife, Leslie. Your Account Isn't Verified! In order to create a playlist on Sporcle, you need to verify the email address you used during registration. Blood begins to dry and clot within 15 minutes (depending on factors such as heat and humidity). Understanding blood splatter on a wall or various surfaces can be instrumental in formulating if a crime was committed and if the blood discovered at the crime scene can be used as evidence. Tap a blood drop and it's sticky, walk through a blood stain and it's slippery. 3. The resulting atomized blood droplets travelled a set distance towards a poster board sheet, creating a blood spatter. Blood Spatter in Crime Scene Investigation Essay. Blood Spatter Analysis: Types of Blood Spatter, Determined Through Shape, Size And Distribution of Blood on Crime Scenes This Document provide full details on blood spatter analysis. Determine if there is evidence of a struggle, or if the assault is "one sided" 3. The characteristics of blood spatter depend on the speed at which the blood leaves the body and the type of force applied to the blood source. They have modelled the entire process from the bullet entering the body to the final blood stain pattern. Low velocity spatter is usually the result of dripping blood. Transfers occur when a blood source comes in direct contact with a target surface area. Spatter from blood-soaked sponges could aid gun forensics. 21. contact. expirated blood pattern. Blood spatter 1. The resulting atomized blood droplets travelled opposite to the bullet direction, generating a gunshot backspatter on a poster board target sheet. Blood spatters are hydrodynamic signatures of violent crimes, often revealing when an event occurred and where the perpetrator and victim were located, and researchers have worked toward better The patterns produced from gunshots are particularly difficult to interpret. There is a difference between blood spatter patterns, blood drip stains, and blood transfer patterns. Criteria for evaluation of injury and management have been devised. This list has been updated and will continue to be updated periodically. Blood Spatter in Forensics 2. Blood dripping from a cut finger will form large, spherical drops as it hits the ground; that formation is about the interplay between gravity and surface tension. transfer 1. Impact Pattern -- Bloodstain pattern created when blood receives a blow or force resulting in the random dispersion of smaller drips of blood. TARGET SURFACE TEXTURE: •Bloodstains can occur on a variety of surfaces. Backspatter can cause external and internal muzzle staining, but in unusual cases the internal stain can also result from the cooling of explosive gases released by the gunshot, which suck the victim's blood into the gun's muzzle [source: Evans]. It is a non-Newtonian fluid and behaves much like ketchup. or . 2009©Forensic Science Today 48 High velocity blood spatter, for instance, may have come from a gunshot wound inflicted by a bullet moving at 900 fps, whereas medium velocity may have resulted from a spurting artery or a blunt instrument striking the already bloody head or limb of a victim, and low velocity blood may have dripped from a wound or blood-soaked item. And here is the pattern the same blood droplet would produce on a rough surface. A bloodstain pattern created when blood is released or thrown patterns, the force applied to the blood source and stain size within the pattern. The second , published in the Journal of Fluid Mechanics, examines how gases propelled from a gun muzzle at firing can affect the distribution of blood spatter and gunshot residue (GSR). The crime scene investigator must remember that the location, distribution, and appearance of bloodstains and spatters may be useful for Forensic scientist Karen Green demonstrates potential causes of blood spatter. Blood Spatter Patterns Blood spatters are hydrodynamic signatures of violent crimes, often revealing when an event occurred and where the perpetrator and victim were located at the time of the crime. Under certain circumstances blood droplets can also be propelled backwards in a direction against the line of fire. Although the phenomenon of back spatter of blood is most commonly seen in contact gunshot wounds of the head, Blood Spatter Analysis Analysis of bloodstains at a known or suspected violent crime scene with the goal of helping investigators draw conclusions about the nature, timing and other details of the crime. Data in Brief 2019, 22:269-278. The thorough sampling of all suspicious items in a crime scene, like footsteps, hair strands, and even the changes that took place in the pieces of furniture may help in leading the authorities to the doer of the crime. Forensic Science BLOOD SPATTER ANALYSIS Types of Blood Spatter, Determined Through Shape, Size, and Distribution of Blood on Crime Scenes From the earliest of mankind, human hunters’ developed and utilized the knowledge and skills associated with the analysis of bloodstains and patterns in order to provide valuable information about their Blood Will Tell "Joe Bryan has spent the past three decades in prison for the murder of his wife, a crime he claims he didn’t commit. pattern. N2 - This is a data set of blood spatter patterns scanned at high resolution, generated in controlled experiments. BPA is perhaps most often used to confirm or refute the statements of witnesses or suspects present at the commission of a crime. That is, until it clots. The physical process generating a backward spatter of blood is linked to the Rayleigh-Taylor The result was a blood-spatter pattern similar to the one found on Warren Horinek’s shirt. The type of. The first, published in Physics of Fluids, offers a useful mathematical model of the relationship between the shape and speed of a bullet and the patterns produced by the resulting blood spatter. It predicts the atomization process, the trajectories of the back-spatter drops of blood from the wound to the ground, the impact angle, and the impact Weber number on the ground, as well as the distribution and location of bloodstains and their shape and sizes. Generally, the higher the velocity of the moving object, the smaller the cast-off spray will be. A blood stain pattern In Principles of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis, Theory and Practice, Stuart James, Paul Kish, Paulette Sutton, CRC Press (2005) at p